Van Halen is an American rock band formed in the early-1970s and discovered by KISS bassist and co-founder Gene Simmons. A band's number one studio album, Van Halen, released inside 1978 is widely regarded as a milestone within rock & roll, and even a better rock debut album ever. By owning this 1st release, a b& established itself as a leader in the emerging and commercially successful U.S. heavy metal music genre of the 1980s. Particularly, a band's guitar player, Eddie Van Halen, quickly gained widespread ill fame for his technical indicator art & musical sensibility. Nearly all-night, he wwhen touted as one of a virtually all innovative & influential Our contries rock & roll guitar player.. A band hwhen besides established itself as one of a major survive acts of that era, opening higher for Journey, Montrose, and late Black Sabbath in 1978. Based on data from Ozzy Osbourne, bringing Van Halen along on a tour was not the better idea because Van Halen only outplayed the children. It besides became super popular for the joke, stage presence & larger-than-epic persona of its lead singer, David Lee Roth, who was ofttimes known as "Van Halen" by freshly fans.

From either 1978 to 1998 a band freed Xi studio albums (100% of which broke a Top 20 spot of the Billboard 200 music charts.

Additionally to existence recognized for their artistic contributions, commercial profits & popularity, a band is known for drama surrounding a lead singer spot. Although a core musician & backing vocals stand remained constant (Eddie Van Halen, Alex Van Halen and Michael Anthony), the band has recorded studio albums by using trio different lead vocaliser: David Lee Roth, Sammy Hagar and Gary Cherone. For each one vocaliser has departed (at least when) under cloudy circumstances. As punishment their 2004 concert tour a b& is presently in hiatus; once more it have a vacancy ahead singer position and an uncertain first.

Band members

Eddie Van Halen - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, backup vocals Michael Anthony - bass, backup vocals Alex Van Halen - drums and percussion David Lee Roth - lead vocals (1978-1985), (1996) Sammy Hagar - lead vocals (1985-1996), (2004) Gary Cherone - lead vocals (1997-1999)

History

Origins

A Van Halen personal emigrated from either Nijmegen, Netherlands to Pasadena, California in the 1960s. Eddie & Alex's father, Jan Van Halen, was an accomplished saxophonist and clarinetist (his work was featured on the song "Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now)" from either a album Diver Down (1982)). Jan bucked up his sons' love of music. Alex (a older of the Van Halen brothers) & Eddie were each trained when authoritative piano player in the period of their childhoods. When it grew older, Alex took flamenco guitar lessons and Eddie bought the drum set. Based in data from folklore, spell Eddie was retired redeeming papers to invite his drums, Alex would practice on the two. When hearing his brother play a drum solo from either a song "Wipe Out", Eddie abandoned a drums for guitar.

In the period of simple & lyceum, Eddie & Alex formed many different elastic at different days, by using list rather "The Trojan Rubber Company," "The Broken Combs," & "The Space Brothers." .

David Lee Roth, the local enterpriser, & lead singer of the rival Los Angeles band, had begun renting out his public address system to Mammoth in 1973. Eddie & Alex grew disgusted paying a "PA Tax" to "Diamond Dave," & around 1974 brought him into a band when their lead singer. Upon discovering that an additional band in the L.The. vicinity was likewise known as Mammoth, at Roth's guide, it changed their title to Van Halen (passing on the title 'Rat Salade'). Roth stated within his autobiography, "I felt that the name Van Halen was like the name Santana, it had power to it."

the band became a staple work in California's Sunset Strip during the mid-1970s, consistently swimming at easily known clubs like a Whisky A Go-Go. Within 1976, Gene Simmons of the rock band KISS saw one of Van Halen's shows & later on financed their number 1 demo tape (this bootlegged demo commonly circulates under a title Zero & features bare & guide lyrics to numbers of of Van Halen's early songs). Despite with the fairly polished demonstration tape, Van Halen was unable to locate the record treat. Templeman (world health organization got antecedently produced hits for The Doobie Brothers) would go in to create Van Halen's number 1 six albums.

(1978-1985) with David Lee Roth
By using Ted Templeman at a helm, a b& go in a studio and quickly recorded their 1st album. Just highborn Van Halen, the album was freed to quick commercial profits, reaching #19 on the Hoarding pop music stock and index charts. 100% of the tracks were placed down super quickly (astir triplet weeks), using little over-dubbing or double tracking. Minor mistakes were left on a record & the super elementary musical placed-higher was utilized to give the record an about-survive sense. Fallowing adding vocals, a album was in essence ready to exist as mixed. Despite a elementary studio placed-higher, Van Halen featured innovations within musical system, production, & arrangement.

A number one album, one of rock's virtually all commercially successful debuts. When it involved globe noted pieces like ''Own't Talkin' 'Bout Love, Eruption & Runnin' Sustaining a Devil, the Album as well portrayed a Kinks Cover of You Really Had pine tree state & the John Brim cover of Ice Cream Man. A band toured for about a year on the basis of Van Halen'', establishing their reputation as a gifted & exciting survive band. A early chemistry of a band was depending upon the interplay of Eddie Van Halen's technical indicator genius & David Lee Roth's flamboyant prank (the counterpoint that would late erupt into good-blown conflict). It returned to the studio within 1979 for Van Halen II, similar in style to their debut. This album yielded a band's 1st hit lone, a poppy "Dance the Night Away".

All over a next tetrad years, a b& alternated album releases & traveling to increasing commercial message and critical plaudits. By 1980, Van Halen was maybe the world's virtually all successful & influential difficult rock group (a bequest the band sustained throughout their career; within 2000, VH1 cited Van Halen as #7 in their listing, 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock). Around 1981, when you took a recording of their quaternary album, Fair Warning, tensions began to rise within a band. Eddie Van Halen's want to experiment by owning supplementary good songs & complex structures was at odds sustaining Roth's popular inherent aptitude & more and more cartoonish, irony-laden persona. Although Roth (& producer Templeman) acquiesced to Eddie's wishes, Fair Warning was a proportional sales disappointment, giving there are no hit singles. A as a consequence album, Diver Down, featured a hit handle of Roy Orbison's classic rock and roll song "Oh, Pretty Woman". Fallowing the successful tour to trend lines Diver Down, Van Halen became the greatest paid music class action for one appearance, earning a spot in the Guinness Book of World Records for their inebriated, $1 million, 90-microscopic placed at a US Festival in 1983. (This record was at length eclipsed in the 1990s.)

Van Halen's next album, 1984 (released December 1983) was their commercial, & numerous claim, artistic pinnacle. It was likewise the breaking point for the original line-higher. Keyboards, antecedently heard lone seldom, were currently fully integrated into a band's healthy. A album's lead only, "Jump", featured the bouncy synthesizer hook and anthemic lyrics by Roth. "Jump" became a band's number one & exclusively #1 pop hit and resulted in the band's number 1 Grammy nomination. A album 1984 was praised by critics & fans like, peaking at #2 on the Billboard charts behind the stratospherically popular Thriller by Michael Jackson (Eddie Van Halen played the guitar solo on the hit song "Beat It," from that album). In the middle of their greatest commercial profits & tour, a artistic & portable tensions between the musicians reached a breaking point. Roth exited a band in April 1, 1985.

(1985-1996) with Sammy Hagar

Within seek of a newly straw man, the band was introduced to singer/guitarist/song-writer Sammy Hagar. Hagar (world health organization sang lead vocals for the band Montrose in the early '70s) was at that time the solo creative person coming off the super successful season (his 1984 album "VOA" experienced yielded a hit lone ''We Might't Cause 55'' that peaked at #26 on the popular stock and index charts). Late within 1985 Hagar agreed to join the b& and a fresh era began for Van Halen.

A album 5150, released in the spring of 1986, was an quick megahit, & caused per keyboard-dominated singles "Why Can't This Be Love," "Dreams," & "Love Walks In," became a band's number one release to email #1 on the Billboard album charts. Filled retired by using diverse songs ranging from either a close thrash of "Get Up," & person rock of "Summer Nights" & "Good Enough," to the sir thomas more introverted "Best Of Both Worlds" & an EVH guitar tour de click on the title track, 5150 is generally considered a strongest album of the "Hagar era."

A next X years by having Sammy Hagar were marked by ii somewhat opposing trends: expansion of the band's commercial profits amid increasing fan gall across Roth's departure. Hagar's style enabled Van Halen to turn into accessible to the wider audience, using lyrics that were more conventional & refined. Eddie's keyboard act brought a wider kind of transonic textures inside both song, & a production was altered toward the pop side. A symptom was markedly different from either a firm charging, sportive riffs of the class action's earliest function, & Eddie's trademark guitar healthy was at present seldom heard forswearing several digital results. Die-rock-ribbed "old Van Halen" fans referred derisorily to the fresh "Van Hagar" healthy when "soft" or even "fluffy" likened by owning a raucous, raw healthy of the Roth era.

In the period of Hagar's tenure, the band established a musical formula that proved commercially successful in the United States. Tons quaternary studio albums produced in the time period of this period reached #1 on the Billboard pop music charts. Besides when you took this instance, Xvii singles breached a top Xii of the mainstream rock tracks chart. Additionally, Van Halen was nominated for deuce Grammy Awards, winning the 1991 Right Protective Rock Performance sustaining Vocal award for the album For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge. Van Halen continued to enjoy wow popular profits throughout a mid-90's, while many of their hair metal contemporaries (such as Warrant and Poison) fell from favor, overtaken by anti-establishment "Grunge Music".

In a period of the recording of their contribution to the film Twister, escalating tensiin between Hagar and a Van Halen brothers boiled across publicly when Hagar departed on Father's Day, 1996. Hagar claimed that he was fired; Eddie Van Halen claimed that Hagar quit. A media storm surrounding a striking exit of Hagar helped him to immediately restart his solo career. Nonetheless, a publicity wasn't helpful for Van Halen, merely serving to shine the brightly weak on the vacant lead singer spot. A commercial profits that Van Halen reached by using Sammy Hagar placed high expectations- & fans everyplace were watching & waiting for the band's next move.

(1997-1999) with Gary Cherone

Presently when Hagar's departure, David Lee Roth entered a studio sustaining a Van Halen brothers, Michael Anthony, & producer Glen Ballard. 2 songs from either victims sessions were added to the band's Greatest Hits album (sustaining a Roth individual Us Caring Magic reaching #1 on a mainstream rock chart; the album A Right of Van Halen, Vol. Single was #1 on the popular stock and index charts). All the same, Eddie & Alex were however auditioning more singers — among the babies unknown singer Mitch Malloy. Malloy would reveal years late that, when you took this period, Eddie got hired him for the job. By September, nevertheless, David Lee Roth & a rest of a band were asked to present an award at the 1996 MTV Cd Music Awards. In September 4, 1996, a quaternity original members of Van Halen mass produced their foremost public appearance together within ended eleven years, presenting an award at the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards. This appearance was greeted by using the standing ovation, & fueled fortunate speculation for the reunion tour. All a same, old wounds were reopened; when doing backstage interviews by using the media, Roth told Eddie does'nt to talk just about household issues like Eddie's hip to replacement. Based on data from Eddie, Roth was super uncivil & self-egocentric, stimulating a relationship between each of the babies to sour once more. Mitch Malloy would reveal years late that immediately when a awards, he told Eddie that he did non are a lead singer of Van Halen because a public appearance by owning Dave processed it impossible for any more singer to become successful by using a class action. Many weeks when a awards indicate, a public & media became caring that Roth would non become reuniting sustaining a band. At this period, Roth freed the media statement inside which he apologized to the media & the fans, stating that he was an unaware participant in a publicity stunt perpetrated per Van Halens & Ray Daniels (their manager) sequentially to sell other copies of the greatest hits album. a next day, Eddie & Alex Van Halen freed a media statement, stressing that it were all honorable by using Roth & never led him to imagine that he was guaranteed to become the next lead singer.

Continuing their research, Van Halen recruited Gary Cherone, a frontman of the defunct Boston-based band Extreme. A symptom of their collaboration was a experimental Van Halen 3. Numbers of songs were yearn & supplementary ethereal (When), further thought-challenging (How else Numbers of Say We using Eddie in vocals), or even were good plain different (From either Afar, Josephina). This alienated entrenched Van Halen fans & did non attract the newly audience. Gross revenue were lackluster in comparison last albums. A VH3 album peaked at #4 on the stock and index charts (it was Gold certified), and produced the #1 Mainstream Rock Track hit, Forgoing Your family. Even so, there are no tracks from either a album ever appeared on the pop music stock and index charts. Around 1999, Cherone split amicably by having Van Halen when a VH3 tour. Within 2002, Warner Bros. dropped Van Halen (still forgoing a lead singer) from either the label, fallowing with freed everthing of their albums since 1978.

(2000-2004) Four years of silence

1996 marked a prevent of an era for Van Halen as a band. a greatest hits album experienced been freed, their lead singer of all over the decade experienced departed, & confusion swirled all about the artistic counsel & new marketability of the band. Although hearsay were plenty, & accusations & hostility pervaded a news, there was little recently tools all about a band. The Inside (the once-official VH mag) dissolved after turning unofficial from lack of news.

Comedian David Letterman succinctly expressed the frustration of hundreds to thousands of Van Halen fans. When you took a delivery of his Top Ten listings in October 21, 1996, he sarcastically implied that then Presidential Candidate Bob Dole could gain the popular support of the American People if he would use his diplomatic skills to just convince the members of Van Halen to stop fighting so they could "[http://www.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top_ten/archive/ls_topten_archive1996/ls_topten_archive_19961021.shtml start crankin' out some more bitchin' tunes]".

From either 2000 to early 2004, there is there are no albums were freed & no official trading tools was provided to fans just about a first of the band. Yet, info all about single members, past & present, trickled within. A select few highlights:

Within 1999 Eddie Van Halen reluctantly experienced hip to replacement surgery (after a painful sensation became unendurable). He as well underwent cancer treatment soon fallowing (at a Mayo Clinic) and proclaimed his complete recovery on the official web site inside Could 2002. About this instance, Eddie's Twenty-one-month marriage to actress Valerie Bertinelli also ended in divorcement. Alex Van Halen continued to functiin sustaining his brother on recently poop at their 5150 recording studio (by using Eddie singing?). Since his departure around 1996, David Lee Roth produced the total of albums & toured using his DLR band (his virtually all recent release existence an album of covers known as Diamond Dave (2003)). Around 2003, Roth brought the court action against Van Halen, their management, & record company claiming he was left away from 1996 royalty renegotiations. In July 4, 2004, Roth performed with a Boston Pops at Boston's annual Pops Goes the 4th celebration. When of 2005, he has turn into the qualified EMT, and when of October 2005, has agreed to become Howard Stern's future replacement in morning talk radio. Sammy Hagar has remained active musically. Since his departure from either Van Halen, he has freed 5 albums. He besides created his have selling brand Cabo Wabo, which lends its title to his popular line of tequila, when well as his franchise of cantinas located in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, and Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Additionally, he reunited by owning a original members of his '70s b& Montrose within 2003 and 2005 for the handful of performances. Michael Anthony stays occupy outside of Van Halen by using various product marketing projects (like his signature Yamaha bass) and has [http://www.madanthonycafe.com/ a website]. He is taking part using a annual music industry NAMM Show. Since his departure from either Van Halen, Gary Cherone recorded an album & performed locally by owning his freshly band Tribe of Judah. In the summertime of 2002, David Lee Roth & Sammy Hagar team for the Song For Song, a Heavyweight Champs of Rock & Roll tour (known tongue-around-bantering when a 'Sans-Halen' or even 'Sam & Dave' Tour). It succeeded beyond expectations, drawing big crowds to outdoor auditoriums. Inside an locate, Roth contrasted his personality by owning Hagar's, locution, "he's the kind of guy you go out with to split a bottle with a friend. I'm the kind of guy you go out with if you want to split your friend with a bottle." In the period of that tour, Michael Anthony guested using Hagar's solo band, A Waboritas, however never played by having Roth. Hagar freed the survive album (Hallelujah), which featured Microphthe single (two or three songs) & Gary (one song), & a documental DVD, "Long Road to Cabo", chronicling his tour sustaining David Lee Roth.

(2004-2005) Reunion with Sammy Hagar

Around late March 2004, Van Halen & Sammy Hagar announced that Hagar would reunite by having the b& for the Greatest Hits album release and a summertime concert tour.

Around July 2004, Van Halen freed their 2nd Greatest Hits compilation, featuring ternion recently songs sustaining Hagar: "It's About Time", "Up For Breakfast", & "Learning to See." Once more, public reaction to the recently songs was mixed. a track names got changed since its unveiling, & currently Hagar & Roth songs alternated instead of 1 disc for every singer; a dissatisfactory strategy for fans world health organization like of these singer all over the more (typically strongly). There is no VH3 songs mass produced it onto a disc. Nonetheless, Van Halen's 2nd Greatest Hits record would become qualified atomic number 78 around August 2004.

Van Halen (2004), left to right: Alex Van Halen, Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, Eddie Van Halen A summertime tour grossed 55 million dollars, & Pollstar enrolled Van Halen in the top Decade grossing tours of 2004. Virtually all of the concerts received caring feedback from either agency reviewers. But, good problems surfaced. Sammy Hagar & Michael Anthony would after admit that Eddie Van Halen experienced problems sustaining alcohol when you took a tour that affected everyone exposed. Hagar stated that he was "done with Van Halen" & wished that everyone would use "taken it more seriously." It was as well revealed inside Rolling Stone magazine that promoters got misused money on the tour. Several fans complained that tickets were overpriced (for instance exceeding $200), & lone two or three shows were actually sold out.

When a tour ended, Van Halen once more disappeared. Hagar returned to his solo band The Waboritas, and Anthony appeared using him on the road from time to time. Eddie's collaboration using Cant dog ended (for his signature 5150 guitar amplifier series, replaced by using a 6505 amp, & Eddie is nowadays endorsing Charvel, which is reissuing the EVH classic guitar system). When for 2005, there are no announcements got been manufactured all about a new of the band.

Around August 2005, Van Halen sued the Baltimore Orioles, claiming that a Orioles go back on the treat to bring the band to Oriole Park at Camden Yards on September 2, 2004, which would have been a 1st concert at a otherwise baseball-simply facility.

Influence on culture, music and business

A David Lee Roth era remains Van Halen's virtually all critically successful time, with influenced 100% rock musicians world health organization followed. A band's top selling albums up to now come their 1978 debut & 1984. Each albums use at times reached diamond status, having sold terminated 10 million copies two, & come both look upon milestones inside rock and roll music, ushering in artistic innovations that were widely emulated throughout a 1980s (The Van Halen track "Runnin' with the Devil" & ''1984's'' "Jump" come utilized when deuce of the top D virtually all influential songs in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame). A band's 2nd & third productions, Van Halen II & Women & Toddlers Number 1, for each one reached #6 on the stock and index charts. When this, each subsequent Van Halen album would breach a top Little phoebe spot on the popular stock and index charts.

A Van Halen track "Eruption" introduced the rock & roll globe to the freshly soloing system known as tapping, a system using two left & correct paws on the guitar neck. More musicians got developed 2-hand swimming techniques in a period of the 1950s, and Steve Hackett of Genesis used tapping extensively in the early 1970s, but Van Halen's system was something else — a percussive, extremely amplified barrage of notes & results. Nothing prefer it got ever been heard in record. "Eruption" immediately propelled Eddie Van Halen to vast heights of popularity among guitar players worldwide (articles all about Eddie Van Halen's style & system remain the staple of guitar magazines). Based on data from either folklore, prior to a release of the number one album, Eddie would hide his system from imitators by swimming his solos using his back to the audience. Eddie too introduced the never prior to seen system in the subservient "Cathedral". This system taking part Eddie hammer notes on a fretboard using his left hand when at the same time rolling the volume knob on and off by having his perfect hand. He did 2 will require, & a volume knob froze entirely at a prevent of the 2nd choose due to the heat generated from either rolling it off and on at such a great speed. Van Halen as well introduced a guitar globe to the band's signature "Brown Sound," a nickname given to, among more items, the transonic effect of Eddie's guitar/amp combination & system. By having Templeman's warmly production, Van Halen produced the distinctive tone sought by more musicians.

When a band began to produce music videos for MTV, a telegenic Roth became the ocular focus, typically to the humiliation of the more band members. Music video cds for the singles Go for it, Panama, & Hot For Teacher, were wildly popular & became a portion of the standard rotation on the so fledgling MTV.

A 2nd incarnation of Van Halen when well saw broadened utilise of the Van Halen br&, as it expanded their email into more media, sustaining high-production films, survive concert footage, and potentially their have cantina within Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. In case David Lee Roth's innovative, across-the-sinful style turned Van Halen from either a member of the firm rock case to its leader; Hagar's additional conservativist 'working human' personthe turned Van Halen into a franchise & an icon.

A hit only & award-winning cd Right Now (F.U.C.K., 1991) was used to promote the ill-fated soft-drink Crystal Pepsi. A band's Roth-era remaking of The Kinks You Really Got Us was utilized around the Nissan commercial.

Van Halen pioneered a way for the modern "Rock and Roll Show" by owning their extensive have of the concert technical indicator contract rider. Although contract riders got existed prior to, Van Halen's utilise of a two to specify the band's "wish list" (stage, production, transport, home requirements, etc.) was newly & established a standard practice that is today utilized habitually throughout the music industry. When one of the foremost major elastic by using the fully stage indicate to pop up inside numerous little cities, Van Halen got an extensive placed of technical indicator & logistic requirements including power accessibility & stage construction details that a venue got to comply using. Several venues within these markets experienced non antecedently dealt by owning such the big-shell indicate, & were non equipped to manage Van Halen's massive stage & lightly indicate, occasionally following around damage to the band's devices & a venue, another time about killing a roadie setting higher the instruments. A band's demands were non limited to technical indicator issues: their today notorious contract rider specified that, among more individual needs, the bowl of M&M candies, with all of the brown ones removed, was to be available in the band's dressing room. Based on data from either David Lee Roth (from his autobiography, Crazy from either a Heat), this was non due to an antipathy for black chocolate candy, however like this requirement was used sustaining a technical indicator part of a contract sequentially to check over whether venue management was honoring the demands aright. In arrival, whenever red K&M's were found in the dressing room, then every line of the contract had to be double-checked, to ensure safety. Occasionally shows were cancelled because of the venue's inability to cover a band's stage or even devices safely.

Influential U.s. punk trio The Minutemen recorded a 40-2nd cover song of "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love" for their landmark double album Double Nickels on the Dime (only a third verse, a guitar solo & the "hey, hey, hey!" outro were utilized) - an irony looking for that, based on data from Roth, a song originated as an tender parody of punk while it was number one written.

Rapper Tone Loc used uncredited samples from Van Halen's "Jamie's Cryin'" extensively in his hit "Wild Thing," however was non sued per band; around Alex Van Halen's words, "It was 1987, who knew?" 2 Live Crew later sampled the riff of "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love" for their song "The Fuck Shop" in their ill-famed 1989 album As Nasty As They Wanna Be; Van Halen sued a band for infringement of copyright; the lawsuit was settled away from court.

Discography

;Studio albums & EPs

;Survive album

;Compilations

;Videos/DVD

Singles (Billboard Hot 100)

From either Van Halen:

"You Really Got Me" (1978) #36 US "Runnin' With The Devil" (1978) #84 United states of america, #52 UK

From either Van Halen 2:

"Dance The Night Away" (1979) #15 US "Beautiful Girls" (1979) #84 US

From either Women & Tykes Number one:

"And The Cradle Will Rock" (1980) #55 US

From either Diver Down:

"(Oh) Pretty Woman" (1982) #12 US "Dancing In The Street" (1982) #38 US

From either 1984:

"Jump" (1984) #1 America - Five weeks, #7 UK "I'll Wait" (1984) #13 US "Panama" (1984) #13 America, #61 UK "Hot For Teacher" (1984) #56 US

From either 5150:

"Why Can't This Be Love" (1986) #3 Usa, #8 UK "Dreams" (1986) #22 Usa, #62 UK "Love Walks In" (1986) #22 US

From either OU812:

"Black And Blue" (1988) #34 US "When It's Love" (1988) #5 Usa, #28 UK "Finish What Ya Started" (1988) #13 US "Feels So Good" (1989) #35 United states of america, #63 UK

From either For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge:

"Top Of The World" (1991) #27 United states of america, #63 UK "Right Now" (1992) #55 US

From either Balance:

"Can't Stop Lovin' You" (1995) #30 U.s.a., #33 UK "Not Enough" (1995) #97 US

Notes